Imidacloprid References for Bees and Non-target Insect Studies

Abbott, V.A., J. L. Nadeau, H. A. Higo, and M. L. Winston. 2008.   Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid on Osmia lignaria and Clothianidin on Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Journal of Economic Entomology 101(3):784-796. 
 
Alexander, A.A. 2006. Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on mayflies and oligochaetes. M. Sci thesis. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton. 
 
Alexander, A.C., J.M. Culp, K. Liber, and A.J. Cessna. 2007. Effects of insecticide exposure on feeding inhibition in mayflies and oligochaetes. Environ Tox Chem 26(8): 1726-1732.
 
Alexander, A.C., K.S. Heard, J.M. Culp. 2008. Emergent body size of mayfly survivors. Freshwater Biology. 53:171-180.
 
Alix, A., and C. Vergnet. 2007. Risk assessment to honey bees: a scheme developed in France for non-sprayed systemic compounds. Pest Manag. Sci. 63: 1069–1080.
 
Armengaud, C., M. Lambin, M. Gauthier. 2002. Effects of imidacloprid on the neural processes of memory in Honey bees: estimating the environmental impact of chemicals, J. Devillers and M.H. Pham-Delegue, (eds). New York: Taylor & Francis, 85-100.
 
Bai, D., S.C.R. Lummis, W. Leicht, H.Breer, D.B. Satelle. 1991. Actions of imidacloprid and a related nitromethylene on cholenergic receptors of an identified insect motor neuron. Pesticide Sci 33: 197-204.
 
Bailey, J., C. Scott-Dupree, R. Harris, J. Tolman, and B. Harris. 2005. Contact and oral toxicity to honey bees (Apis mellifera) of agents registered for use for sweet corn insect control in Ontario, Canada. Apidologie 36(4): 623-633. 
 
Bailez, O. 1996. Études du comportement de butinage et des capacités de discrimination olfactive dans la relation abeille (Apis mellifera)-colza (Brassica napus L.). Thèse de Doctorat University of Paris XIII. Paris, France.
 
Bonmatin, J.M., P.Marchand, R. Charvet, M.E. Colin. 2004. Fate of systemic insecticides in fields (imidacloprid and fipronil) and risks for pollinators. First European Conference of Apidology. Udine, Italy. http://iniud.it/eurbee.  
 
Bonmatin, J.M., I. Moineau, R. Charvet, M.E. Collin, C. Fleche, E.R. Bengsch. 2005. Behavior of Imidacloprid in Fields. Toxicity for Honey Bees in Environmental Chemistry: Green Chemistry and Pollutants in Ecosytems. Eric Lcihtfourse, J. Schwarzbauer, and D. Robert (eds). New York: Springer.
 
Bonmatin, J.M., P.A. Marchand, R. Charvet, I. Moineau, E.R. Bengsch, and M.E. Colin. 2005. Quantification of imidacloprid uptake in maize crops. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 5336–5341.
 
Bortolotti L., Montanari R., Marcelino J., Medrzycki P., Maini S., Porrini C. 2003. Effects of sub-lethal imidacloprid doses on the homing rate and foraging activity of honey bees. Bulletin of Insectology 56(1): 63-67.
 
Bortolotti, L., E. Grazioso, C. Porrini, G. Sbreena. 2001. Belzunces, L. P., C. Pelissier, and G. B. Lewis (eds) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. Avignon, France September 7-9, 1999, pp.217-225.
 
Chauzat, M. P., J. P. Faucon, A. C. Martel, J. Lachaize, N. Cougoule, and M. Aubert. 2006.A survey on pesticide residues in pollen loads collected by honey-bees (Apis mellifera) in France. J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 253-262.
 
Chauzat, M.P., P. Carpenter, A.C. Martel, S. Bougeard, N. Cougoule, P. Porta, J. Lachaize, F. Madec, M. Aubert, J.P. Faucon. 2009. Influence of Pesticide Residues on Honey Bee Health in France. Environ Entomol 38(3):514-523.
 
Colla, S.R. and L. Packer. 2008. Evidence of decline in eastern North American bumblebees (Hymenoptera:Apidae) with special focus on Bombus affinis Cresson. Biodivers Conserv 17:1379-1391.
 
Colin, M.E., J.M. Bonmatin, I. Moineau, C. Gaimon, S. Brun, J.P. Vermandere. 2004. A method to quantify and analyze the foraging activity of honey bees: relevance to the sublethal effects induced by systemic insecticides. Arch Environ Contam. Toxicol. 47:387-395.
 
Colin, M.E., Y. Le Conte, J.P. Vermendiere. 2000. Managing nuclei in insect-proof tunnel as an observation tool for foraging bees : sublethal effects of deltamethrin and imidacloprid. In Harads of Pesticides to Bees. Belzuncs, L.P., C. Pelissier, G.B. Lewis (Eds). INRA edition, Avignon, pp. 259-268. 
 
Cox, R.L., W.T. Wilson. 1987. The behavior of insecticide-exposed honey bees. Am. Bee J. 127:118-119.
 
Culp, J.M., K. Liber, A. Cessna, and K. Doe. 2006. Improved ecological risk assessment of imidacloprid in aquatic ecosystems: PSF Final Report – February 2006. Pesticide Science Fund, Environment Canada.
 
Curé, G., H. W. Schmidt, and R. Schmuck. 2000. Results of a comprehensive field research programme with the systemic insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho). Belzunces, L. P., C. Pelissier, and G. B. Lewis (eds) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. 49–59.Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Avignon, France
 
Dechaume-Moncharmont, F.X., A. Decourtye, C. Hennequet-Hantier, O. Pons, M.H. Pham-Delegue. 2003. Statistical analysis of honeybee survival after chronic exposure to insecticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22:3088-94. 
 
Decourtye, A., C. Armengaud, M. Renou, J. Devillers, S. Cluzeau, M. Gauthier, and M. H. Pham-Delègue. 2004. Imidacloprid impairs memory and brain metabolism in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 78: 83–92.
 
Decourtye, A., E. Lacassie, and M.H. Pham-Delègue. 2003. Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season. Pest Manag. Sci. 59: 269–278.
 
Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, S. Cluzeau, M. Charreton, and M.H. Pham-Delègue. 2004. Effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on associative learning in honeybees under semi-field and laboratory conditions. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 57: 410–419.
 
Decourtye, A., M. Le Metayer, H. Pottiau, M. Tisseur, J.F. Odoux, M.H. Pham-Delegue. 2001. Impairment of olfactory learning performances in the honey bee after long-term ingestion of imidacloprid. Belzunces, L. P., C. Pelissier, and G. B. Lewis (eds) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. Avignon, France September 7-9, 1999, pp. 113-117.
 
Decourtye, A., M.H. Pham-Delegue. 2002. The proboscis extension response: assessing the sublethal effects of pesticides on the honey bee In Honey Bees: Estimating the Environmental Impact of Chemicals, J. Devillers and M.H. Pham-Delegue, (eds). New York: Taylor & Francis, 67-84.
 
Decourtye, A., M. Tisseur, J.N. Tasei, M.H. Pham-Delegue. 2005. Toxicite et risques lies a l’emploi de pesticides chez les pollinisateurs: cas de l’abeille domestique. In Enjeuzx Phytosanitaires pour L’agriculture et L’environment au XXI Siecle, C. Regnault-Roger, (ed). pp. 283-99. Paris:Lavoisier.
 
DEFRA Report on Use of sublethal effects in honeybees in pesticide risk assessment. 2002. 
 
Deglise, P., B. Grunewald, M. Gauthier. 2002. The insecticide imidacloprid is a partial agonist of the nicotinic receptor of honeybee Kenyon cells. Neurosci Letter 321(1):13-16.
 
Desneux, N., A. Decourtye, and J-M. Delpuech. 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52: 81–106.
 
Devillers, J., A. Decourtye, H. Budzinskid, M.H. Pham-Delegue, S. Cluzeau, G. Maurin. 2003. Comparative toxicity and hazards of pesticides to Apis and non-Apis bees. A chemometrical study. SAR QSAR Environ Res. 14(5-6):389-403. 
 
Devillers, J.A., M.H. Pham-Delegue, A. Decourtye, H. Budzinski, S. Cluzeau, G. Maruin. Modeling the acute toxicity of pesticides to Apis mellifera. Bull Insectology 56(1): 103-109.
 
Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET). 1998. Imidacloprid Pesticide Information Profile. [Online]. Available at http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/imidaclo.htm. (Verified 09 January 2006). Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
 
Faucon, J.P., C. Aurieres, P. Drajnudel, L. Mathieu, M. Ribier, A.C. Martel, S. Zeggane, M.P. Chauzat, M.F. Aubert. 2005 Feb. Experimental study on the toxicity of imidacloprid given in syrup to honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Pest Manag Sci 61(2): 111-25.
 
Fossen, M. 2006. Environmental Fate of Imidacloprid. Department of Pesticide Regulation, California. 
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/Imidclprdfate2.pdf. (also contains ecotox information on bees)
 
Gels, J.A., D.W. Held and D.A. Potter. 2002. Hazards of insecticides to the bumble bees Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foraging on flowering white clover in turf, Ecotoxicology 95: 722–728.
 
Greatti M., Barbattini R., Stravisi A., Sabatini A. G., Rossi S. 2006. Presence of the a.i. imidacloprid on vegetation near corn fields sown with Gaucho® dressed seeds. Bulletin of Insectology 59(2): 99-103.
 
Greatti, M., A.G. Sabatini, R. Barbattini, S. Rossi, and A. Stravisi. 2003. Risk of environmental contamination by the active ingredient imidacloprid used for corn seed dressing: Preliminary results. Bull. Insectol. 56(1): 69–72.
Grixti, J.C., Lisa T. Wong, Sydney A. Cameron and Colin Favret. 2009. Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the North American Midwest Biological Conservation. 142 (1): 75-84. 
Guez, D., S. Suchail, M. Gauthier, R. Maleszka, and L.P. Belzunces. 2001. Contrasting Effects of Imidacloprid on Habituation in 7- and 8-Day Old Honeybees (Apis mellifera). Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 76(2):183-191. 
 
Guez, D. L.P. Belzunces, and R. Maleszka. 2003. Effects of imidacloprid metabolites on habituation in honeybees suggest the existence of two subtypes of nicotinic receptors differentially expressed during adult development. Pharm Biochem Behavior. 75:217-222.
 
Halm, M, A. Rortais, G. Arnold, N. Tasei, S. Rault. 2006. New risk assessment approach for systemic insecticides: the case of honey bees and imidacloprid (Gaucho). Environ. Sci. Technol. 40:2448-2454.
 
Haynes, K.F. 1988. Sublethal effects of neurotoxic insecticides on insect behavior. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 33:149-68.
 
Hellpointner, E. 1994a. Degradation and translocation of imidacloprid under field conditions on a lysimeter. Bayer AG, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany. Report No. 106426. 74 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1996)
 
Hellpointner, E. 1994b. Degradation and translocation of imidacloprid under field conditions on a lysimeter: amendment to the original report. Bayer AG, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany. Report No. 106426-1. 42 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1996)
 
Incertii, F., L. Bortolotti, C. Porrini, A. M. Sbrenna, G. Sbrenna. 2003. An extended laboratory test to evaluate the effects of pesticides on bumblebees. Preliminary results. Bulletin of Insectology 56 (1): 159-164, 2003 ISSN 1721-8861
 
Imidacloprid in Canada. From Informed Discussion of Beekeeping Issues and Bee Biology on Behalf of Stan Sandler. http://www.honeybeeworld.com/imidacloprid/canada.htm.
 
Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, J.T. Ambrose, R. M. Roe. Mechanism for the Differential Toxicity of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. 2004. Crop Protection, 23: 371-378. 
 
Kaakeh, N., W. Kaakeh, G.W. Bennett. 1996. Topical toxicity of imidacloprid, fipronil, and seven conventional insecticides to the adult convergent lady beetle (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae). J. Entomol Sci, 31(3):315-322.
 
Kirchner, W. H. 1999. Mad-bee-disease? Sublethal effects of imidacloprid (Gaucho®) on the behaviour of honeybees. Apidologie 30:422.
 
 

Kreutzweiser, D.P., K.P. Good, D. Chartrand, T.A. Scarr, and D.G. Thompson. 2007. Toxicity of the systemic insecticide, imidacloprid, to forest stream insects and microbial communities. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. In Review.

 
Kreutzweiser, D.P., K. Good, D. Chartrand, T. Scarr, D. Thompson. 2007. Non-target effects on aquatic decomposer organisms of imidacloprid as a systemic insecticide to control emerald ash borer in riparian trees. Ecotox Environ Safety 68:315-325.
 
Kreutzweiser, D.P., D.G. Thompson, T.A. Scarr. 2009. Imidacloprid in leaves from systemically treated trees may inhibit litter breakdown by non-target invertebrates. Ecotox Environ Safety. 72:1053-1057. 
 
Krischik, V., A. Landmark, G.E. Hempel. 2007. Soil-applied imidacloprid is translocated to nectar and kills nectar-feeding Anagyrus psedococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae) Environ Entomol 36(5):1238-1245.
 
Kumar, R. and A.K. Dikshit. 2001. Assessment of imidacloprid in Brassica environment. Environ Sci Health. 36(5):619-629.
 
Lambin, M., C. Armengaud, S. Raymond, M. Gauthier. 2001. Imidacloprid induced facilitation of the proboscis extension reflex habituation in the honeybee. Arch. Insect Biochem Physiol. 48:129-34.
 
Laramee, S. 2007. Honeybees as bioindicators of exotoxicological pollutant: the case of the insecticide imidacloprid. M. Sci. thesis. University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
 
Laurent, F.M. and E. Rathahao. 2003. Distribution of [14C]imidacloprid in sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) following seed treatment. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 8005–8010.
 
Marletto, F., A. Patetta, Manno, A. Laboratory Assessment of Pesticide Toxicity to Bumblebees. Bulletin of Insectology 56 (1): 155-158, 2003 ISSN 1721-8861
 
 

Maresch, Karl. 2009. Bees killed by Neo-nicotinoids in expressed maize sap. http://www.farminguk.com/news/Bees-killed-by-Neo-nicotinoids-in-expressed-Maize-sap10986.asp

 
Matsuda, K. S.D. Buckingham, D. Kleier, J.J. Rauh, M. Grauso, D.B. Sattelle. 2001. Neonicotinoid insecticide acting on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:573-580.
 
Maus, C., G. Cure, R. Schmuck. 2003. Safety of imidacloprid seed dressings to honey bees: a comprehensive overview and compilation of the current state of knowledge. Bulletin of Insectology 56(1): 51-57
 
Mayer, D., J. Lunden. 1997. Effects of imidacloprid insecticide on three bee pollinators. Hortic Sci, 29:93-97. 
 
Medrzycki P., Montanari R., Bortolotti L., Sabatini A. G., Maini S., Porrini C. 2003. Effects of imidacloprid administered in sub-lethal doses on honey bee behaviour. Laboratory tests. Bulletin of Insectology 56 (1): 59-62.
 
Mulye, H.S. 1995. Environmental evaluation of imidacloprid insecticide and the end-use product Admire 240F. Submission Numbers: 94-1706 and 94-1705. Pesticides Division, Commercial Chemicals Evaluation Branch, Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada.
 
Mulye, H.S. 1996. Supplementary review of imidacloprid technical and the end-use product, Admire 240F insecticide. Submission Numbers: 94-1706 and 94-1705. Environmental Evaluation Division, Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada.
 
Mulye, H.S. 1997a. Supplementary review of imidacloprid technical and the end-use product, Admire 240F insecticide. Submission Numbers: 95-1229 and 96-2186. Environmental Assessment Division, Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada.
 
Mulye, H.S. 1997b. Supplementary review of imidacloprid technical and the end-use product, Admire 240F insecticide. Registration Numbers: 24468 & 24094. Submission Numbers: 97-1070 & 97-0931. Environmental Assessment Division, Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada.
 
Mulye, H.S. 1999. Environmental evaluation of imidacloprid insecticide and the end-use product admire 240F. Submission No. 96-2186. Environmental Assessment Division, Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada.

Nauen, R., U. Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, and R. Schmuck. Bayer. 2001. Toxicity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction of imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Pest Manag. Sci. 57: 577–586.
 
Nauen, R., A. Elbert. 1999. Apparent tolerance of a field-collected strain of Myzus nicotianae to imidacloprid due to strong antifeeding responses. Pesticide Science. 49(3):252-258.
 
Nauen, R., B. Koob, A. Elbert. 1998. Antifeedant effects of sublethal dosages of imidacloprid on Besisia tabaci. Entomolgia Experimentalis et Applicata. 88(3):287-293.
Nguyen, B.K., C. Saegerman, C. Pirard, J. Mignon, J. Widart, B. Thirioniet, F.J. Verheggen, D. Berkvens, E. De Pauw, and E. Haubruge. 2009. Does imidacloprid seed-treated maize have an impact on honey bee mortality? J Econ Entomol 102(2): 616-623. 
 
Overmyer, J.P., B.N. Mason, and K.L. Armbrust. 2005. Aquatic toxicity of imidacloprid and fipronil to a nontarget aquatic insect, Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt cytospecies IS-7. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74: 872-879.
 
Pestana, J.L.T., A.C. Alexander, J.M. Culp, D.J. Baird, A.J. Cessna, A.M.V.M. Soares. 2009. Structural and functional responses of benthic invertebrates to imidacloprid in outdoor stream mesocosms. Environmental Pollution. 157:2328-2334. 
 
Pettis, J. 2009. Status of Pollinator Health. USDA-ARS Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, MD. 
http://www.ndswcs.org/documents/Rapid%20City%20conference/Friday/PollinatorsPettis-London08.pdf .
 
Pham-Delègue, M-H., A. Decourtye, L. Kaiser, and J. Devillers. 2002. Behavioural methods to assess the effects of pesticides on honey bees. Apidologie 33: 425–432.
 
PMRA (Pest Management Regulatory Agency). 1995. Imidacloprid NTN (33893). Chapter 3: Impact on human and animal health. Draft.
 
 

PMRA (Pest Management Regulatory Agency). 2001. Imidacloprid. Regulatory Note. REG2001-11. Ottawa: Health Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agency. Available at http://www.pmra-arla.gc.ca/english/pdf/reg/reg2001-11-e.pdf

 
PMRA (Pest Management Regulatory Agency). 2005. Electronic Dossier, Delivery, and Evaluation System (EDDE): Electronic Labels: Search and Evaluation (ELSE). http://eddenet.pmra-arla.gc.ca/4.0/4.01.asp
 
Porrini, C., A.G. Sabatini, S. Girotti, F. Fini, L. Monaco, G. Celli, L. Bortolotti, S. Ghini. 2003. The death of honey bees and environmental pollution by pesticides: the honey bees as biological indicators. Bulletin of Insectology 56(1): 147-152.
 
Porrini C., Sgolastra F., Sabatini A.G. 2008. Rete per il monitoraggio dei fenomeni di spopolamento e mortalità degli alveari in Italia (APENET). Apoidea, 5 (2): 83-87.
 
Ramirez-Romero, R., J. Chaufaux, and M-H. Pham Delègue. 2005. Effects of Cry1Ab protoxin, deltamethrin and imidacloprid on the foraging activity and the learning performances of the honeybee Apis mellifera, a comparative approach. Apidologie 36:601–611.
 
Ratte, H.T., and U. Memmert. 2003. Biological effects and fate of imidacloprid SL 200 in outdoor microcosm ponds. Bayer AG, Crop Protection, Leverkusen, Germany. Report No. 811776.
 
Rogers, R.E.L. and J.R. Kemp. 2003. Imidacloprid, potatoes, and honey bees in Atlantic Canada: is there a connection? Bull. Insectol. 56:83-88.
 
Rortais, A., G. Arnold, M. Halm, R. Touffet-Briens. 2005. Modes of honeybees exposure to systemic insecticides: estimated amounts of contaminated pollen and nectar consumed by different categories of bees. Apidologie 36:71-83
 
Rouchaud, J. F. Gustin, A. Wauters. 1996. Imidacloprid insecticide soil metabolism in sugar beet field crops. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56:29-36.
 
Sánchez-Bayo, F., and K. Goka. 2006. Ecological effects of the insecticide imidacloprid and a pollutant from antidandruff shampoo in experimental rice fields. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25(6): 1677-1687.
 
Schmuck, R., Bayer. 1999. Bayer. No causal relationship between Gaucho® seed dressing in sunflowers and the French bee syndrome. Pflanzenschutz-Nachr. 52:257–299.
 
Schmuck, R., Bayer. 2004. Bayer. Effects of a chronic dietary exposure of the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to imidacloprid. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47:471-78.
 
Schmuck, R., R. Nauen, U. Ebbinghaus-Kintscher. 2003. Bayer. Effects of imidacloprid and common plant metabolites of imidacloprid in the honeybee: Toxicological and biochemical considerations. Bull Insectol 56(1): 27-34.
 
Schmuck, R., R. Schöning, A. Stork, and O. Schramel. Bayer. 2001. Risk posed to honeybees (Apis mellifera L, Hymenoptera) by an imidacloprid seed dressing of sunflowers. Pest Manag. Sci. 57: 225–238.
 
Schnier, H. G. Wenig, F. Laubert, V. Simon, R. Schmuck. 2003. Bayer. Honey bee safety of imidacloprid corn seed treatment. Bulletin of Insectology. 56(1): 73-75.
 
Schur, A., I. Tornier, D. Brasse, W. Muhler, W. Von Der Ohe, K. Wallner, M. Wehling. 2003. Honey Bee Brood Ring-Test in 2002: Method for the Assessment of Side Effects of Plant Protection Products on the Honey Bee Brood under Semi-field Condition. Bulletin of Insectology 56(1): 91-96.
 
Shah, R.G., J. Lagueux, S. Kapur, P. Levallois, P. Ayotte, M. Tremblay, J. Zee, and G.G. Poirier. 1997. Determination of genotoxicity of the metabolites of the pesticides Guthion, Sencor, Lorox, Reglone, Daconil and Admire by 32P-postlabeling. Mol Cell Biochem. 169(1-2):177-84
 
Smirle, M.J., M.L. Winston, and K.L. Woodward, 1984. Development of a sensitive bioassay for evaluating sublethal pesticide effects on the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae).
Journal of Economic Entomology 77:63-67.
 
Song, M.E., J.D. Stark, J.T. Brown. 1997. Comparative toxicity of four insecticides including imidacloprid and tebufenozide to four aquatic arthropods. Environ Toxicol Chem. 16:2494-2500.
 
Stadler, T., D.M. Gines, and M. Buteler, 2003. Long-term toxicity assessment of imidacloprid to evaluate side effects on honey bees exposed to treated sunflower in Argentina. Bull Insectol 56(1): 77-81.
 
Stapel, J.O., A.M. Cortesero, W.J. Lewis. 2000. Disruptive sublethal effects of insecticides on biological control: altered foraging ability and life span of a parasitoid after feeding on extrafloral nectar of cotton treated with systemic pesticides. Biol. Control 17:243-49.
 
Stark, J.D., P.C. Jepson, and D.F. Mayer. 1995. Limitations to use of topical toxicity data for predictions of pesticide side effects in the field. J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 1081–1088.
 
Steen J., J. M. Van Der, 2001. Review of the methods to determine the hazard and toxicity of pesticides to bumblebees. Apidologie, 32: 399-406.
 
Stoner, K. and B. Eitzer. Pesticides in pollen collected from honey bee hives in Connecticut. http://www.millersriver.net/pollen/talks/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20Kim%20Stoner%20pdf%20for%20posting.pdf
 
Stoughton, S.J., K. Liber, J. Culp, A. Cessna. 2008. Acute and chronic toxicity of imidacloprid to the aquatic invertebrate Chironomus tentans and Hyalella azteca under constant- and pulse-exposure conditions. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54:662-673. 

Suchail, S., D. Guez, and L. P. Belzunces. 2000. Characteristics of imidacloprid toxicity in two Apis mellifera subspecies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19:1901–1905.
 
Suchail, S., D. Guez, and L. P. Belzunces. 2001. Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20: 2482–2486.
 
Suchail, S., D. Guez, and L.P. Belzunces. 1999. Characteristics of imidacloprid toxicity in two Apis mellifera subspecies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19(7): 1901–1905.
 
Suchail, S., D. Guez, and L.P. Belzunces. 2001.  Belzunces, L. P., C. Pelissier, and G. B. Lewis (eds) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. Avignon, France September 7-9, 1999.pp.121-126.

Suchail, S., L. Debrauwer, and L. P. Belzunces. 2003. Metabolism of imidacloprid in Apis mellifera. Pest Manag. Sci. 60:291–296.
 
Tasei, J.N., G. Ripault, and E. Rivault. 2001. Hazards of Imidacloprid Seed Coating to Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) When Applied to Sunflower. J. Econ. Entomol. 94(3): 623–627.
 
Tasei, J.N., J. Lerin, G. Ribault. 2000. Sub-lethal effects of imidacloprid on bumblebees, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) during a laboratory feeding test. Pest. Manag Sci. 56:784-88.
 
Thompson, H. M. 2003. Behavioural effects of pesticides in bees: their potential for use in risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 12: 317–330.
 

Thompson, H. M., 2001. Assessing the exposure and toxicity of pesticides to bumblebees (Bombus sp.). Apidologie, 32:305-321.

 
Thompson, H. M., Hunt L. V. 1999. Extrapolating from honeybees to bumblebees in pesticide risk assessment. Ecotoxicology, 8: 147-166.
 
Thompson, H.M., C. Maus. Bayer. 2007. The relevance of sublethal effects in honey bee testing for pesticide risk assessment. Pest Management Science. 63:1058-1061. 
 
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Tomizawa, M.and J.E. Casida. 2000. Imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and their imine derivatives up-regulate the α4β2 nicotinic receptor in M10 cells. Toxicol Applied Pharmacol 169:114-120.
 
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U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1994. Office of Pesticides Programs.
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Related Studies for Imidacloprid and Bees

 
Abrol, D.P., S. Devinder. 2007. Morphogenic and toxic effects of pesticides on honeybee brood. Journal of Research. 6(2):
 
Aliouane, Y., A.K. Hassani, V. Gary, C. Armengaud, M. Lambin, and M. Gauthier. 2009. Subchronic exposure of honeybees to sublethal doses of pesticides: effects on behavior. Environ Tox and Chem, 28(1):113-122.
 
Aupinel, P., D. Fortini, B. Michaud, F. Marolleau, J-N. Tasei, J-F. Odoux. 2007. Toxicity of dimethoate and fenoxycarb to honey bee brood (Apis mellifera), using a new in vitro standardized feeding method. Pest Manag Sci 63:1090-1094. 
 
Bakker, F. and J. Calis. 2003. A semi-field approach to testing effects of fresh or aged pesticide residues on bees in multiple-rate test designs. Bull Insectology 56(1):97-102. 
 
Bayer Corp. 1998. Imidacloprid memo to U.S. EPA. June 5, 1998.
 
Beuhne, R., 1910. Bee mortality. Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Victoria 7:149-151.
 
Biesmeijer, J.C., S.P.M. Roberts, M. Reemer, R. Ohlemüller, M. Edwards, T. Peeters, A.P. Schaffers, S.G. Potts, R. Kleukers, C.D. Thomas, J. Settele and W.E. Kunin. 2006. Parallel declines in pollinators and insect pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands, Science 313: 351–354.
 
Brian, A. D., The foraging of bumble bees. Part I. Foraging behaviour, Bee World 35 (1954), pp. 61–67.
 
Buchholz, A. and R. Nauen. 2002. Translocation and translaminar bioavailability of two neonicotinoid insecticides after foliar application to cabbage and cotton. Pest Manag. Sci. 58(1): 10–16.
 
Buchmann, L. and G.P. Nabhan. 1996. The Forgotten Pollinators, Island Press, Washington, D.C., p. 292.
 
Burdick, E., and D.M. Caron. 2006. MAAREC beekeeper survey. http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/pdfs/MAARECSurveyPub.pdf
 
Canadian Water Quality Guidelines Imidacloprid. 2007. Scientific Supporting Document. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. (terrestrial toxicity section – birds)   http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/imidacloprid_ssd_1388.pdf.
 
Canadian Water Quality Guidelines ImidaclopridLorox, Reglone, Daconil and Admire by 32P-postlabeling. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 169:177-184.
 
Canadian Water Quality Guidelines Imidaclopridpotato fields in Prince Edward Island (2001-2002). Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Branch, Atlantic Region. Surveillance Report EPS-5-AR-04-05.
 
Candolfi, M., E. Servajean. 2001. A bi-tunnel method developed to investigate the side-effects of systemic seed dressings or systemic soil treatments on honeybees, Apis mellifera. Belzunces, L. P., C. Pelissier, and G. B. Lewis (eds) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. Avignon, France September 7-9, 1999.pp. 251-257.
 
Cane, J.H. and V.J. Tepedino. 2001. Causes and extent of declines among native North American invertebrate pollinators: detection, evidence, and consequences. Conserv. Ecol. 5:1.
 
Carvell, C. 2002. Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) under different grassland management regimes, Biological Conservation 103:33–49.
 
Cameron, S.A., H.M. Hines and P.H. Williams. 2007. A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees (Bombus), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, London 91:161–188.
 
Carvell, D.B. Roy, S.M. Smart, R.F. Pywell, C.D. Preston and D. Goulson. 2006. Declines in forage availability for bumblebees at a national scale, Biological Conservation 132: pp. 481–489.
 
Charvet, R., M. Katouzian-Safedi, M.E. Colin, P.A. Marchand, J.M. Bonmatin. 2004. Systemic insecticides: new risk for pollinator insects. Ann Pharm Fr. 62(1):29-35.
 
Chauzat, M. P., J. P. Faucon, A. C. Martel, J. Lachaize, N. Cougoule, and M. Aubert. 2006. A survey of pesticide residues in pollen loads collected by honey bees in France. J. Econ. Entomol. 99:253–262.
 
Claudianos, C., H. Ranson, R.M. Johnson, S. Biswas, M.A. Schuler, M.R. Berenbaum, R. Feyereisen, J.G. Oakeshott. 2006. A deficit of detoxicfication enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee. Insect Mol Biol. 15(5):615-636. 
 
Colla, S.R. and L. Packer. 2008. Evidence for decline in eastern North American bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidea), with special focus on Bombus affinis Cresson, Biodiversity and Conservation 17:1379–1391.
 
Colla, S.R., M.C. Otterstatter, R.J. Gegear and J.D. Thomson. 2006. Plight of the bumble bee: pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations, Biological Conservation 129:461–467.
 
Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America, 2007 Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America National Research Council, Status of Pollinators in North America, National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
 
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Illies, I., W. Muhlen, G. Ducker, N. Sachser. 2001. Belzunces, L. P., C. Pelissier, and G. B. Lewis (eds) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. Avignon, France September 7-9, 1999. pp.242-244.
 
Inchem Report. Toxicological evaluations of imidacloprid. 2001. Prepared by Roland Solecki, FIHPCVM, Germany. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/2001pr07.htm.
 
Johansen, C.A., D.F. Mayer, J.D. Eves, and C.W. Kious. 1983. Pesticides and bees. Environ Entomol 12:1513-1518.
 
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Kobori, Y. and H. Amano. 2004. Effects of agrochemicals on life-history parameters of Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 39(2): 255–261.
 
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Kreutzweiser, D., K. Good, D. Chartrand, T. Scarr, and D. Thompson. 2007. Non-target effects on aquatic decomposer organisms of imidacloprid as a systemic insecticide to control emerald ash borer in riparian trees. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. In Press.

Kulinčević, J.M., W.C. Rothenbuhler, and T.E. Rinderer, 1982. Disappearing disease. Part I.

Effects of certain protein sources given to honey-bee colonies in Florida. American Bee
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Menzel, R. 1985. Learning in honey bees in an ecological and behavioral context In Experimental Behavioral Ecology Hölldobler, B. and M. Lindauer (eds). 55–74. Stuttgart, Germany: Fischer.

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